Cardiovascular diseases ( CVDs ) and diabetes ( DM ) are two interrelated groups of diseases that contribute to more than 50 % of death worldwide. Patients with CVDs and / or DM often take multiple medicines which could increase the possibility of medicine-related problems (MRPs). MRPs include any unwanted effects associated with the use of medicines. Unwanted effects could result from using wrong medicine or combination of medicines, wrong dose or modality of intake or known adverse effects. Hospitalisation resulting from MRPs account for up to 10% of the total hospital admissions worldwide. In this respect, certain risk factors contribute to hospitalisation; and are related to the patient or the medicine.

Fig. 1. Main findings of the study.

We conducted a retrospective medical record review study (n = 300) in two hospitals in the UK and Saudi Arabia.  In order to extract the relevant information from medical records, we adopted a data collection tool which was based on the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) tool (Fig. 1). The extracted information was used in order to detect the (1) MRP type (treatment ineffectiveness, adverse drug reaction, others), (2) MRP cause (medicine selection/form, dose selection, treatment duration, medicine use/administration, patient, logistics), (3) level of harm (no harm, mild, moderate, severe). The results of this study were reviewed by two expert panels (one in each country consisting of a doctor and three pharmacists).

Our study identified 197 (66%) MRPs in the 300 patients as follows: 103 (52.2%) in the UK and 94 (47.7%) in Saudi Arabia. Out of the aforementioned MRPs, 58.7% and 41.5% led to hospitalisation in the UK and Saudi Arabia respectively. The main MRPs encountered were treatment ineffectiveness and adverse drug reactions and accounted for 90.8% and 97.8% of the total MRPs in the UK and Saudi Arabia respectively. Most of the encountered MRPs had low or moderate harm. The leading causes of MRPs were medicine selection, dose selection and patient non-adherence. Some causes were limited to the UK (but not Saudi Arabia) and included: medicine-alcohol interaction, medicine use/administration, medicine form and medicine misuse/abuse.

In relation to the comorbidities associated with MRPs, hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus were the most prevalent comorbidities in both countries.  Both conditions require the intake of multiple medicines (i.e. polypharmacy). Subsequently, polypharmacy was the major risk factor associated with MRPs and was reported in 50.9% of the cases in the UK and 40.9% in Saudi Arabia. Additional risk factors identified in the study were: patient non-adherence, impaired liver/kidney functions, smoking and obesity. Yet, some individual risk factors were distinctive between the UK and Saudi Arabia. Hence, six risk factors were reported only in the UK and were: dependent living situation, impaired cognition, anaemia, excessive caffeine intake, family history of CVDs and stress. On the other hand, four risk factors were reported only in Saudi Arabia and comprised: anorexia, depression, epilepsy and smoking history. Likewise, there was a difference in the medicines involved in MRPs in both countries. In this respect, medicines used for CVDs were involved in most of the identified MRPs in the UK and were: antihypertensive, anticoagulants, antiarrhythmic and lipid regulating medicines. On the other hand, antidiabetic medicines were implicated in most MRPs in the KSA.

In summary we found that MRPs represented a major issue and were highly prevalent in both the UK and Saudi Arabia. Most of these MRPs were not severe; yet, this depended on many other factors. These factors were associated with the patients’ lifestyle, condition(s) and medicines that been taken. Therefore, training should be provided for both healthcare providers and patients in order to manage and prevent unnecessary hospitalisation associated with MRPs.

Abdullah Al Hamid ¹, Zoe Aslanpour ¹, Hisham Aljadhey ² and Maisoon Ghaleb ^1
1Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine,
School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
²Medication Safety Research Chair, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia

Publication

Hospitalisation Resulting from Medicine-Related Problems in Adult Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes in the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia.
Al Hamid A, Aslanpour Z, Aljadhey H, Ghaleb M
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016 May 9

Read offline:     

Related Articles:

	Mortality risk among cocaine users after and before… This study targeted residents in northern Italy who turned to a public treatment centre for primary cocaine use between 1982 and 2016. Its aims were to estimate mortality risk, and…
	Am I at risk of developing diabetes if exposed to… The answer is: it depends. Of course, there is no trivial answer to an open question like that when referring to scientific investigation. But we can make you think better…
	Could mometasone furoate be a viable glucocorticoid… Glucocorticoids are medications widely used to treat inflammation and allergies, and in contexts of immunosuppression such as after transplants. They are well-established and safe. The problem is that, when used…
	Maternal intake of resveratrol can help piglets… Under commercial conditions, early weaning in pigs involves abrupt separation from sows, resulting in a sudden move to a new environment at a much younger age than would occur in…
	Clinically utilized nalfurafine combined with… Alcohol addiction poses massive public health costs [~15 million adult alcoholics with economic cost > $200 billion/year in the US]. Pharmacological studies in rodents have demonstrated that kappa-opioid receptor (KOR)…
	Defects in mismatch repair increase cancer risk and… Microsatellites are formed by 1-6 nucleotide base pairs that are repeated in direct order 5-50 times. Repetitive DNA including microsatellites are mainly present in non-coding DNA regions that occupy more…