Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a life-threatening demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by reactivation of the virus JC (JCV). This condition is triggered by immunosuppression, most frequently associated with AIDS, lymphoprolioferative diseases or immunosuppressive drugs.  Any subject, not previously known to be ill, presenting with PML must be intermediately tested for HIV infection, in most of the occasions this diagnosis being confirmed. However, a diagnostic challenge arises when a patient presenting with PML has a repeatedly negative test for HIV, has no evidence of hematologic neoplasms or is not receiving any immunosuppressive drug.

Fig. 1. (A) Postcontrast CT scan axial image showing a non-enhanced hypodense lesion in right frontal subcortical area (arrow); note also the absence of mass effect. (B) Axial image passing through the posterior fossa showing neither cerebellar nor brainstem lesions.

We described such a case in a 72-year-old man who presented with acute onset ataxia and dysarthria. An initial CT scan revealed a non-enhanced hypodense lesion in right frontal subcortical area (Fig. 1), which was initially interpreted as an ischemic stroke. However, within two weeks he underwent rapid deterioration with behavioral changes, cognitive decline, dysphagia and severe truncal and appendicular ataxia. An MRI study showed hyperintense T2/FLAIR white matter lesions with involvement of the subcortical U-fibers in right frontal and parietal lobes and cerebellum (Fig. 2A, B). These lesions had a rim of restricted diffusion, decreased regional blood flow and showed no contrast enhancement (Fig. 2D, C). Considering PML as a potential diagnosis, the diagnostic work-up showed a lymphopenia (800 cells/μL) with 242 CD4+ cells/μL,  130 CD8+ cells/μL, and 348 CD3+ cells/μL. An extensive work-up aimed at discovering the etiology of the immunosuppresion including serological tests for HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies, PRC analysis for HIV proviral DNA, tumor markers, systemic and neuronal autoantibodies, body CT scan, and bone marrow biopsy was negative. CSF analysis showed a positive PCR for JCV, confirming a PML.

In this clinical situation a diagnosis of Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia (ICL) was made. This is a syndrome defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as “a documented absolute CD4 T lymphocyte count of less than 300 cells/cubic millimeter or of less than 20% of total T cells on more than one occasion, no evidence of infection on HIV testing, and the absence of any defined immunodeficiency or therapy associated with depressed levels of CD4+ T cells”. It can be the trigger of many opportunistic infections and, in the last years, a few cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been described in association with this entity.

Our review of previous cases of PML associated with ICL published in 2013 revealed other 12 cases since 1997. Most of them were between the 5th and 7th decades and interestingly, although probably by chance, all except one occurred in men. None of them had previous none history of immunosuppression or risk factors for HIV infection. The clinical features of PML associated with ICL did not differ from cases associated with HIV infection or monoclonal antibody treatment.

Fig. 2. Serial MRI studies one month (A–D) and 34 months (E, F) after onset. (A) Initial coronal FLAIR image, through the posterior horns of lateral ventricles, showing marked hyperintensity of the white matter involving bilaterally the cerebellum and the right cerebral hemisphere, here reaching the subcortical U-fibers; note also subtle white matter lesions in the left cerebral hemisphere. (B, C) On T1-weighted images, note that right cerebral white matter lesions are markedly hypointense and not enhanced after contrast administration (C). (D) A rim of slightly restricted diffusion can be observed in the frontal and parietal lesions, characteristic of acute inflammatory PML lesions.
Follow-up study demonstrated severe atrophy with only mild persistent FLAIR white matter abnormalities (E) without restricted diffusion as typically observed in chronic lesions (F).

There is not any effective treatment for PML. Several drugs such as cytarabine or cidofovir have been used. In vitro findings have shown an inhibition of JCV entry into the cells with the blockade of the serotonergic receptor 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (5HT2A). Based on these findings, mirtazapine, a tetracyclic anti-depressant that blocks these receptors, has been used in patients with or without HIV showing some promising results.

The prognosis of PML associated with ICL is not known. Among cases described in our review, three died, three had very severe sequelae, four had improvement, and two had no reported data regarding outcome. Under treatment with mirtazapine, our patient underwent clinical and radiological improvement (Fig. 2E, F), which persisted 34 months after the onset.

Manuel Delgado Alvarado¹, José Berciano^2
1Neurology Department, Hospital Sierrallana, Torrelavega, Spain
Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
²University of Cantabria, Service of Neurology,
University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla” (IDIVAL) and CIBERNED, Santander, Spain

Publication

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia.
Delgado-Alvarado M, Sedano MJ, González-Quintanilla V, de Lucas EM, Polo JM, Berciano J
J Neurol Sci. 2013 Apr 15

Read offline:     

Related Articles:

	Is there a link between hematologic malignancy and… Ischemic optic neuropathy is the most common acute optic neuropathy in patients over the age of 50. The ischemic injury may be localized to the anterior part of the optic…
	Acute ischemic stroke: Can clinical risk factors… Acute ischemic stroke is the physiologic manifestation of lack of perfusion to the brain. This lack of blood flow may be secondary to thrombosis of a large vessel, an embolus…
	CSF-1 receptor and its activators - new players in… Macrophages, meaning big eater (from the Greek, makros (large) and phagein (to eat)), are cells, present in all tissues of the body, that engulf and degrade large foreign particles, such…
	Spinal nerve involvement in early Guillain-Barré… Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute-onset, immune-mediated disorder of the peripheral nervous system, which is currently divided into several subtypes based on electrodiagnostic, pathological and immunological criteria. GBS includes at…
	The oncolytic virus ∆PK has multi-modal anti-tumor activity Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are an emerging cancer therapeutic based on tumor cell lysis by replicating virus and the resulting release of cellular proteins [viz. tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)], which modulate tumor…
	Cerebellar and brainstem malformations The development of the cerebellum and brainstem is a highly complex process that involves a large number of genes. Mutations in these genes may cause an abnormal development of the…