Variations in the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water naturally induce hypoxia/reoxygenation cycles in various regions of aquatic environments of freshwater (rivers and lakes) and marine (coastal areas). However, in recent decades, human activities that discharge domestic and industrial effluents are causing an increase in such phenomenon, due to eutrophication. Hypoxia/reoxygenation cycles cause various deleterious effects on aquatic organisms.

Fig. 1. Antioxidant enzymes activity; Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (a), Catalase (b), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx-Se) (c), Glutathione-S- transferase (GST) (d) and Glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) (e) in the locomotor muscle of the crab Neohelice granulata following exposure to hypoxia (0.5 mg O2.L-1) for 240 min and 30 or 120 min of reoxygenation (black columns) (H/R) or control conditions (6.5 mgO2.L-1) (white columns). Different letters represent significant differences

The main one is increased generation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species, also known as free radicals, especially in the return of environmental oxygen (reoxygenation). Such molecules present in tissues and organs in high concentrations can cause cell damage such as fluidity of biological membranes (lipid peroxidation), protein oxidation, DNA base mutation and damages in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, responsible for energy production in the cell. In order to avoid such situation and prevent oxidative stress, the animals developed along their evolutionary process a set of enzymes and low molecular weight molecules that work synchronously, named antioxidant defense system (ADS). This system reacts with ROS and RNS lowering its reactivity or repairing the damages caused.

Fig. 2. The glutathione content (GSH) (a) and hemolymph (b) and mitochondrial (c) melatonin content in the locomotor muscle following exposure to hypoxia (0.5 mgO2.L-1) for 240 min and 30 or 120 min of reoxygenation (black columns) (H/R) or control conditions (6.5 mgO2.L-1) (white columns). Different letters represent significant differences

Among these constituents there are the enzymes; superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX-Se), glutathione-S transferase (GST) and glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), the key enzyme of glutathione synthesis (GSH), the main non-enzymatic constituents of ADS together with α-tocopherol(Vit E), ascorbate (Vit C) and recently melatonin, known traditionally as the sleep hormone in mammals. As mentioned, many coastal regions are subject to hypoxia/reoxygenation cycles. The species that live there, probably have prepared ADS to confront with cyclic variations of this phenomenon. Knowing the operation of ADS and its settings during situations of hypoxia/reoxygenation will allow us to understand the strategies that allow facing such situations and helping us to understand the damage that species which inhabit such areas will suffer being impacted by human actions. Among the coastal species, the intertidal crab Neohelice granulata, with wide distribution on the Atlantic coast of South America, is a proven species facing situations of hypoxia reoxygenation cycles. So, the question of this work is how the ADS of this species are adjusted during the cycles of hypoxia/reoxygenation? When we analyzed the effects of hypoxia, we used a concentration of oxygen below the respiratory ability of this species (0.5mgO₂.L^-1) for 240 min in the locomotor muscle, a tissue with large energy expenditure, and we observed an increase in GPX and GCL activity, respectively (Fig.1c and e) and a decrease in GSH levels (Fig.2a). At the beginning of reoxygenation (30 min) we observed a decrease of SOD and GPX activity, respectively (Fig.1a and c) as well as decreased levels of GSH and cytosolic melatonin, respectively (Fig. 2a and b) and an increase in catalase activity (Fig, 1b). At the end of reoxygenation (120 minutes) most of the antioxidant enzymes are in their normal levels except the lower SOD activity (Fig.1a). Among the non-enzymatic components GSH and cytosolic and mitochondrial melatonin are at their low levels. These results show that increased in the antioxidant enzymes activities and decreased GSH levels during hypoxia, are probably occurring by an increase in the production of RNS, since ROS does not increase hypoxia (see Geihs et al. 2014) and that GSH it is an important antioxidant component in this situation. In the reoxygenation, the large increase in ROS and probably increased RNS levels are depleting the antioxidant components in muscle and conducting to oxidative stress (see Geihs et al. 2014). However, catalase and mitochondrial melatonin were probably responsible for the return of ADS to normal levels at the end of reoxygenation preventing or repairing the damages in the locomotor muscle of N. granulata.

Márcio Alberto Geihs
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas – Fisiologia Animal Comparada,
Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, Brazil

Publications

Effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on the antioxidant defense system of the locomotor muscle of the crab Neohelice granulata (Decapoda, Varunidae).
Geihs MA, Vargas MA, Maciel FE, Vakkuri O, Meyer-Rochow VB, Allodi S, Nery LE
J Comp Physiol B. 2016 Mar 19

Damage caused during hypoxia and reoxygenation in the locomotor muscle of the crab Neohelice granulata (Decapoda: Varunidae).
Geihs MA, Vargas MA, Nery LE
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2014 Jun

Read offline:     

Related Articles:

	3,3'-diindolylmethane is a novel signalling molecule… Glucosinolates are organic compounds which exist in the Brassica family of plants and which are derived from glucose and amino acids and consists of sulphur and nitrogen in their structure.…
	Oil spills can be catastrophic: which European… From Portuguese shores to North Sea coasts European Atlantic regions are at high risk of being affected by oil and other marine spills, with United Kingdom most affected, according to…
	Hiding under sea bed: a new species of sand crab… The common edible crabs which we often encounter in land, sea and freshwater bodies mostly belong to a group classified as brachyuran crabs. They constitute a third of the commercial…
	3MST produces redox regulators Cys-SSH and GSSH as… 3-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) together with cysteine aminotransferase (CAT) produces hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a well-known toxic gas, from L-cysteine. 3MST also produces H2S from D-cysteine in concert with D-amino acid oxidase…
	Oxidative stress sensitivity of cancer cells could… Oxidative stress is defined as “A status that the balance between the oxidation reaction and the antioxidant reaction is lost in our body, and that the oxidation state is dominant.”…
	Sleep quality in adult population Sleep quality is related to relevant aspects of human life, such as health, cognitive functioning or quality of life. Sleep quality is a global measure; it not only includes sleep…